不同大豆蛋白源对黄金鲈生长、饲料利用及肌肉营养成分的影响

【目的】研究不同大豆蛋白源对黄金鲈生长、饲料利用及肌肉营养成分的影响,为黄金鲈人工配合饲料的优化提供依据。【方法】以初始体质量为(28.71±0.08)g/尾的黄金鲈为研究对象,分别以豆粕和全脂豆粉为植物蛋白源,鱼粉为动物蛋白源,面粉和糊精为糖源,混合油脂[m(鱼油)∶m(玉米油)=1∶1]为脂肪源,配制成对照组、豆粕组、全脂豆粉组3种等氮(粗蛋白含量420.0g/kg)、等能(总能20.0 MJ/kg)的半精制饲料,其中豆粕组和全脂豆粉组是用豆粕和全脂豆粉分别替代对照组20%的鱼粉蛋白。每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾,在控温单循环养殖系统进行为期8周的饲养试验。饲养试验结束后,采用国家标准方法测定黄金鲈肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分及粗灰分含量。【结果】在本试验条件下,豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白20%组的终末体质量、体质量增加率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);而全脂豆粉替代鱼粉蛋白20%组的终末体质量、体质量增加率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著低于对照组(P0.05);不同大豆蛋白源对黄金鲈的肥满度、脏体比和肝体比影响不显著(P0.05)。当豆粕替代20%的鱼粉蛋白时,黄金鲈肌肉中的粗蛋白含量与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);当全脂豆粉替代20%的鱼粉蛋白时,黄金鲈肌肉中的粗蛋白含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);而不同大豆蛋白源对黄金鲈肌肉中的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,综合分析不同大豆蛋白源对黄金鲈生长、饲料利用及肌肉营养成分的影响,相同鱼粉蛋白替代水平下,豆粕的替代效果优于全脂豆粉。     

Habituation Performance of Two Percids Under Turbid and Clear Water Culture

Advanced walleye (Sander vitreus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fingerlings are produced by habituating pond-reared fingerlings to commercial feed. Success of the habituation phase depends on many variables. Among these, diet contrast/visibility is an important variable for habituation success. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of turbid water (≥100 nephelometric turbidity unit, NTU) and clear water culture conditions during the habituation phase for these two species. In 2005, 12 150 L black-cuboidal tanks with in-tank lighting were stocked at a rate of 2 g/L age 0 of either walleye or yellow perch fingerlings with half of the tanks receiving turbidity (clay slurry) and cultured for 28 d. All fish were fed a commercial diet every 5 min during a 16 h daylight interval at 10%?body weight/d. Walleye in the clear treatment had higher survival (83?±?2.0%) than the turbid treatment (57?±?6.0%). The yellow perch exhibited opposite survival results: turbid treatment rates at 79?±?2.1%?and clear treatment rates at 54?±?9.2%. These results demonstrate that the addition of clay may enhance the contrast of the feed and thus improve the habituation phase for yellow perch.     

Dietary habits of grazers influence their suitability as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in ex situ mariculture

The dietary habits of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides and the gastropod Trochus maculatus in ex situ mariculture were examined. Fouling algal assemblages on terracotta tiles were exposed to the grazers and compared. Except for Day 0, the assemblages on Days 2, 13 and 27 differed significantly across treatments. S. sphaeroides rapidly consumed most algae, leaving an assemblage dominated by turf algae and bare tile. T. maculatus primarily fed on green filamentous algae, resulting in an even distribution of other algal functional groups, while control tiles were dominated by green filamentous algae. Using three representative fouling algae species (Bryopsis corymbosa, Hypnea spinella and Lobophora variegata), the consumption rates of both grazers and dietary preferences of S. sphaeroides were examined through a single‐diet and a choice experiment respectively. The single‐diet experiment revealed differential algal consumption rates for S. sphaeroides (H. spinella = B. corymbosa > L. variegata) and T. maculatus (B. corymbosa > H. spinella = L. variegata). The choice experiment showed that S. sphaeroides preferred H. spinella over the other two species. These experiments highlighted the importance of understanding the dietary habits of grazers as this has direct implications on their effectiveness as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in mariculture.     

铁皮石斛害虫独角仙的生物学特性及防治技术研究

独角仙是铁皮石斛上新出现的一种重要害虫。在用药技术研究的基础上,综合作物栽培特点、生境等因素,对其生物学特性进行了研究,总结出高效安全的防治技术。独角仙在浙江省杭州地区年发生一代,成虫于6至8月发生,幼虫共3龄,其中三龄幼虫危害最大,历期最长,约为265～290 d。独角仙成虫昼伏夜出,具趋光性、喜湿性、趋化性。田间防治试验及农药残留分析结果表明,1%联苯菊酯·噻虫胺颗粒剂防效907%,但其有效成分噻虫胺药后14 d残留量仍超过欧盟MRL值,建议延长安全间隔期;04%氯虫苯甲酰胺颗粒剂防治效果次之,农药残留极低;其余生物防治、农业防治等处理有一定作用。对于铁皮石斛独角仙的防治,建议采用综合防治的方法控制其为害。     

Sex ratio changes in the long-term Windermere pike and perch sampling program

Abstract– Analysis of the Windermere (England), Perca fluviatilis (1965–1997) and Esox lucius (1943-1997) fishery data indicates there have been substantial changes in sex ratios through time. In the case of perch, a 1976 perch disease outbreak substantially skewed the sex ratio in favor of females. It took over a decade for the fishery to recover to its pre-1976 state. In the case of pike, both catch and year-class data are female biased, but this bias has significantly weakened through time. This trend towards proportionately more males through time may reflect an effect of increasing spring temperatures or an evolutionary or phenotypic response to female-biased fishing pressure.     

翡翠贻贝的耐冷性

采用持续性降温(在海水中从)和突发性降温(在-1℃下的冷海水中冷处理1h)对翡翠贻贝进行冷处理,然后在室温下复苏,观察其复苏情况:采用持续性降温(在海水中,从21℃持续性降沮10h 9℃,从21℃持续性降沮18h 3℃)和突发性降沮(在-1.5℃、0℃、5℃、9℃的冷海水中冷处理10min)后进行冰藏,然后,每隔24h随机取出部分样品检定其存活情况,并观察其复苏情况,对翡翠贻贝的耐冷性进行了研究,结果证明翡翠贻贝具有较强的耐冷性,在≤0℃时,仍能存活,通过冰藏可达到保活保鲜之目的。     

圆果大赤螨对茶红蜘蛛的捕食作用

圆果大赤螨对茶红蜘蛛捕食作用的拟合方程符合Holling圆盘方程Ⅱ型,功能反应受到猎物虫态、温度和捕食者密度的影响.圆果大赤螨成螨显著地趋向于取食茶红蜘蛛的幼螨和若螨,日均最高捕食量分别达49.31和38.65头,对卵和成螨的选择性较差.在相同猎物密度条件下,温度为15-30℃时,捕食数量随着温度的升高而增加;温度为(35±1)℃时捕食数量随着温度的升高而减少.温度为(30±1)℃时,捕食数量最大,这一温度与茶红蜘蛛秋季高峰期的温度相吻合.圆果大赤螨在捕食时存在种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,日均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用也相应减弱,干扰系数m为0.7589,搜索常数Q为0.9983,E=0.9983P-0.7589.     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内酶活力的影响

本试验测定了黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内几种酶活力的影响。试验结果表明:黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内多种酶均有影响。黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活力表现出明显的抑制作用,对谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶表现出明显的诱导作用,对绿豆象成虫体内羧酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶表现出一定的抑制作用。黄花蒿精油进入成虫体内后,同时作用于多靶标,提高了黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫的毒杀效果,也将有效延缓害虫产生抗药性。     

烦夜蛾幼虫在甘薯田的空间分布及其抽样技术

为了掌握烦夜蛾幼虫在甘薯田的空间分布和种群特征,2015年对不同发生密度田块进行了调查,取得8组样本资料,采用6个聚集度指标和Iwao的m*-m回归分析法、Taylor的幂法则等,对其空间分布型和田间理论抽样数进行测定和分析。结果表明:烦夜蛾幼虫在甘薯田间呈聚集分布,聚集强度随着幼虫密度的增加而增大。环境因子是导致烦夜蛾幼虫聚集分布的主要原因。在此基础上,建立了幼虫虫口密度调查的最适理论抽样数公式N=1.96~2/D~2(1.3102/m+0.6255)和序贯抽样模型T_n=1.3102/(D~2-0.6255/n)。